The History of Pilates

Joseph H. Pilates was born in 1880 in Mönchengladbach , Germany , a small town near Dusseldorf , Germany . He was a small and sickly child who suffered from asthma, rickets and rheumatic fever.




 His name had been spelled "Pilatu", of Greek derivation, but was changed to Pilates. Living relatives of Joseph Pilates say that the name was not pronounced as it is popularly known today, (Pi –LAH – teez) . Mary Pilates LaRiche, the niece of Joseph Pilates, says her family name, as best she can recall, was pronounced (Pi – LOTTS). This caused him much grief because, as a child, older boys taunted him calling him "Pontius Pilate, killer of Christ". He was so skinny that he couldn't fight back and it was these conditions that caused him to begin the journey to fitness and health.
 Joseph's father was a prizewinning gymnast and his mother a naturopath. A family physician gave him a discarded anatomy book and as he put it "I learned every page, every part of the body; I would move each part as I memorized it. As a child, I would lie in the woods for hours, hiding and watching the animals move, how the mother taught the young." He studied both Eastern and Western forms of exercise including yoga, Zen, and ancient Greek and Roman regimens. By the time he was 14 he had worked so hard he had developed his body to the point that he was modeling for anatomy charts.
 Growing up in Germany , he achieved some success as a boxer and a gymnast - in addition to being a skilled skier and diver. There are two versions of how he traveled to England . One version has it that in 1912 he decided to go there to work as a boxer and another, that by 1914 he had become a star circus performer and toured England with his troupe.
 In 1914, after WWI broke out, he was interned along with other German nationals in a "camp" for enemy aliens in Lancaster , England . There he taught wrestling and self-defense, boasting that his students would emerge stronger than they were before being interned. It was here that he began devising his system of original exercises that later became "Contrology". He was transferred to another camp on The Isle of Man where he became something of a nurse and worked with many internees who suffered from wartime diseases and incarceration. He then began devising equipment to rehabilitate them, taking the springs from the beds and rigging exercise apparatus for the bedridden! In 1918, a terrible epidemic of influenza swept the world, killing millions of people, tens of thousands in England . None of Joe's followers succumbed even though the camps were the hardest hit. He attributed their survival to their physically fit lungs! Hence, the Pilates Principle of Diaphragmatic Breathing!
 In 1925 Joe returned to Germany and began training the Hamburg Military Police in self defense and physical training as well as taking on personal clients. Joe was not happy with the political direction of Germany , he decided to leave. On the urging of boxing expert, Nat Fleischer and with the aid of Max Schmelling he decided to come to the U.S. It was en route to America that Joe met his future wife, Clara. She was a kindergarten teacher who was suffering from arthritic pain and Joe worked with her on the boat to heal her.
 Upon arriving in New York City they opened a gym at 939 Eight Ave, in the same building as several dance studios and rehearsal spaces. It was this proximity that made "Contrology" such an intrinsic part of many dancers' training and rehab work and many were sent to Joe to be "fixed". George Balanchine, the famous choreographer, studied with Joe and sent many of his dancers to Pilates for strengthening and "balancing" as well as rehabilitation, as did another famous dancer/choreographer, Martha Graham.  Mary Pilates LeRiche, niece of Joseph Pilates qualifies as an expert and probably was Joseph's earliest disciple as she had worked in her Uncle Joe's exercise studio as a young woman in her 20's. Mary relocated to South Florida in the 1960's and continued teaching fitness as her uncle had taught her. Even today, at 81 years young, she will demonstrate the “only way” the exercises should ever be done. That would be just the same way it was done in the 1940's.
 "I invented all these machines. Began back in Germany , was there until 1925 used to exercise rheumatic patients. I thought, why use my strength? So I made a machine to do it for me. Look, you see it resists your movements in just the right way so those inner muscles really have to work against it. That way you can concentrate on movement. You must always do it slowly and smoothly. Then your whole body is in it." It was at this time that he met Rudolf von Laban, a famous movement analyst, who is said to have incorporated some of Joe's theories and exercises into his own work. Mary Wigman, a famous German dancer and choreographer was a student of Joe's and used his exercises in her dance class warm-up.
 From 1939 to 1951 Joe and Clara went every summer to Jacob's Pillow, a well known dance camp in the Berkshire Mountains . He was a friend and teacher to such renowned dancer/choreographers as Ted Shawn, Ruth St. Denis, Martha Graham and Jerome Robbins and many required their dancers to go to Joe. Hanya Holm even incorporated Joe's exercises into her students' lessons. However, Joe counted many socialites as well as plumbers and doctors, to list a few, as his clients as well.
 
Joe felt his work was "50 years ahead of (his) time". Joe's definition of physical fitness was: "the attainment and maintenance of a uniformly developed body with a sound mind fully capable of naturally, easily and satisfactorily performing our many and varied daily tasks with spontaneously zest and pleasure". Joe believed in "natural movements" with the emphasis on doing and being. He has stated, " Everything should be smooth, like a cat. The exercises are done lying, sitting, kneeling, etc., to avoid excess strain on the heart and lungs."
 Although Joe Pilates was a health guru, he believed in fitness supporting your life's rich goals. He was renowned for liking cigars, whiskey, and women and was to be seen running on Manhattan streets, in the dead of winter, in a bikini!
 In January 1966 there was a fire in their building. Joe returned to his studio to try and save anything possible and fell through the burnt out floorboards, hanging by his hands from a beam for quite some time until rescued by the firefighters. It is assumed that this incident directly led to his death in October 1967, at the age of 87.
 Joseph's obituary, appearing in the New York Times in 1967, reads like an advertisement for his methods. He is described as a white-maned lion with steel blue eyes (one was glass from a boxing mishap), and mahagony skin, and as limber in his 80's as a teenager.
 Joseph and Clara operated their exercise studio for over 40 years. He had dedicated his life's work to restoring the health and vitality of others. Clara, regarded by many as the more superb teacher, continued to teach and run the studio until her death 10 years later, in 1977.
 At that time Romana Kryzanowska who entered Pilates' world as a young dancer in New York , took over the business. Pilates regarded her as his disciple; she had absorbed and could express the essence of his work as if it were coming from him . Romana Kryzanowska, who many say to be the heir to Joe's work is quoted as saying " The key to working with the apparatus is they make you do the work yourself. The fewer springs, the harder the exercise. The springs provide or create endurance, not excess strength. The method is based on the movement of animals, everything about the method is based on moving naturally." She continues his legacy today in New York and has generously shared her knowledge with the world through her students, books, videos, and lectures.  




Jennifer Pilates